The legislator... must know the morals and spirit of the people, since he makes laws. He must, as the Germans say, understand his psychology. And note, he must study the morals, character and spirit of his people, without himself possessing these morals, character and spirit, since sharing someone's passions and inclinations does not mean knowing them thoroughly, quite the opposite: they can only be comprehended with sides.
In my opinion, a person has no rights. He has no rights, absolutely none. I don't even understand what the expression 'human right' means. What is this right based on? Is the child endowed with it at birth? He is endowed with needs that are satisfied by those around him. He enters a society that initially saves him from death and continues to do so throughout a person's life, a society towards which he feels somewhat obligated, but I cannot give a single argument that would prove that that society owes something to the individual.
Rejecting faith in progress, because the idea of progress seems unproven and unprovable, I believe in change and in the love of change inherent in all people and distinguishing them from all other living creatures; I especially believe in their eternal desire to get out of a despotic state and gain as much individual freedom as possible.
Montesquieu was rarely wrong, however, in my opinion, he was wrong when he said: 'The people are excellent at choosing officials.' Montesquieu simply did not live under a democratic regime. How can the people perfectly choose officials, and in particular legislators, if Montesquieu himself argued that morals should improve living conditions, and laws, in turn, should improve morals. After all, the people try to elect only those who most accurately reflect their feelings. The people are reacting normally to the current circumstances, although not quite adequately. But if he wants laws to correct morals, he should appoint legislators who would oppose his own morals, and this in principle cannot happen - the people always do exactly the opposite. Consequently, when making their choice, people first of all instinctively prefer people who are intellectually and morally incompetent.
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